Alternate Care Site Infection Prevention and Control Practices: A Rapid Systematic Review.

Alternate care sites (ACSs) are temporary medical locations established in response to events that disrupt or limit the ability of established medical facilities to provide adequate care. As with established medical facilities, ACSs require careful consideration of infection prevention and control (IPC) practices to mitigate risk of nosocomial transmission and occupational exposure. We conducted a rapid systematic review of published literature from the date of inception of each database until the date the search was run (September 2021) on the IPC practices in ACSs. The practices described were categorized using the National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health hierarchy of controls framework, including elimination, substitution, engineering controls, administrative controls, and personal protective equipment. Of 313 articles identified, 55 were included. The majority (n=45, 81.8%) were case reports and described ACSs established in the context of infectious disease outbreaks (n=48, 87.3%), natural disasters (n=5, 9%), and military deployments (n=2, 3.6%). Implementation of engineering and/or administrative control practices predominated, with personal protective equipment emphasized in articles related to infectious disease outbreaks. These findings emphasize both a need for more high-quality research into the best practices for IPC in ACSs and how to incorporate the most effective strategies in these settings in response to future events.

Contact Tracing and Exposure Investigation in Response to the First Case of Monkeypox Virus Infection in the United States During the 2022 Global Monkeypox Outbreak.

BACKGROUND: In May 2022, the first case of monkeypox virus (MPXV) infection in the United States in the current global outbreak was identified. As part of the public health and health care facility response, a contact tracing and exposure investigation was done. OBJECTIVE: To describe the contact tracing, exposure identification, risk stratification, administration of postexposure prophylaxis (PEP), and exposure period monitoring for contacts of the index patient, including evaluation of persons who developed symptoms possibly consistent with MPXV infection. DESIGN: Contact tracing and exposure investigation. SETTING: Multiple health care facilities and community settings in Massachusetts. PARTICIPANTS: Persons identified as contacts of the index patient. INTERVENTION: Contact notification, risk stratification, and symptom monitoring; PEP administration in a subset of contacts. MEASUREMENTS: Epidemiologic and clinical data collected through standard surveillance procedures at each facility and then aggregated and analyzed. RESULTS: There were 37 community and 129 health care contacts identified, with 4 at high risk, 49 at intermediate risk, and 113 at low or uncertain risk. Fifteen health care contacts developed symptoms during the monitoring period. Three met criteria for MPXV testing, with negative results. Two community contacts developed symptoms. Neither met criteria for MPXV testing, and neither showed disease progression consistent with monkeypox. Among 4 persons with high-risk exposures offered PEP, 3 elected to receive PEP. Among 10 HCP with intermediate-risk exposures for which PEP was offered as part of informed clinical decision making, 2 elected to receive PEP. No transmissions were identified at the conclusion of the 21-day monitoring period, despite the delay in recognition of monkeypox in the index patient. LIMITATION: Descriptions of exposures are subject to recall bias, which affects risk stratification. CONCLUSION: In a contact tracing investigation involving 166 community and health care contacts of a patient with monkeypox, no secondary cases were identified. PRIMARY FUNDING SOURCE: None.

Development and deployment of tools for rapid response notification of Monkeypox exposure, exposure risk assessment and stratification, and symptom monitoring.

OBJECTIVES: Public health authorities recommend symptom monitoring of healthcare personnel (HCP) after defined exposures to monkeypox. We report on the rapid development and implementation of mobile responsive survey solutions for notification of possible exposure, exposure risk assessment and stratification, and symptom monitoring. SETTING: An academic health center in Boston, Massachusetts, after admission of first diagnosed case of monkeypox in the United States during the current global outbreak. PARTICIPANTS: Research Electronic Data Capture (REDCap) design and programmers, infection control, occupational health, and emergency preparedness specialists, and HCP with possible exposure to monkeypox. INTERVENTIONS: Design and deployment of REDCap tools to identify HCP with possible exposure to monkeypox, to perform exposure risk assessment and stratification for postexposure prophylaxis (PEP), and to conduct symptom monitoring during the exposure window. Project enhancements included dashboards for HCP tracking and short message service (SMS text) reminders for symptom monitoring. RESULTS: Tools to support the contact tracing and exposure investigation were deployed within 24 hours of identification of a patient with suspected monkeypox, with the full suite in production within 4 days of confirmation of the monkeypox diagnosis. Clinical follow-up of HCP was integrated into the design, and real-time versioning allowed for improvements in HCP symptom monitoring compliance and enhanced tracking. CONCLUSIONS: During the current monkeypox outbreak, timely and comprehensive evaluation of potential HCP exposures is necessary but presents logistical challenges. Rapid development of monkeypox-specific solutions using REDCap facilitated flexibility in design and approach, and integration of targeted clinical support enhanced functionality.

Applying the Plan-Do-Study-Act Approach to Support Healthcare Facilities in the Early COVID-19 Pandemic Response.

The identification of a novel respiratory pathogen in late December 2019 and the escalation in the number of infections in January 2020 required healthcare facilities to rapidly assess their planning and preparations to identify and manage suspected or confirmed cases. As a Regional Emerging Special Pathogens Treatment Center, many of the policies, resources, and tools Massachusetts General Hospital had developed before the COVID-19 pandemic were based on the Identify-Isolate-Inform concept to enable rapid identification of persons under investigation; isolation from other patients, visitors, and staff; and appropriate information sharing with internal and external parties to ensure continued safety of the facility and community. Our team sought to leverage these existing resources to support other healthcare facilities and implemented a modified Plan-Do-Study-Act approach to develop, refine, and disseminate a novel coronavirus toolkit. The toolkit underwent 3 Plan-Do-Study-Act cycles resulting in revisions of specific products, and the addition of new products to the toolkit. The toolkit provided access to templated algorithms, policies and procedures, signage, and educational materials, which could be customized for local needs and implemented immediately. There was broad dissemination and use of the resources provided in the toolkit and response to end-user feedback was provided in subsequent revisions. This project demonstrates the role that Regional Emerging Special Pathogens Treatment Centers can play in supporting the sharing of resources and best practices, and the utility of a Plan-Do-Study-Act approach in meeting needs.

Contributions of the Regional Emerging Special Pathogen Treatment Centers to the US COVID-19 Pandemic Response.

The National Emerging Special Pathogens Training and Education Center (NETEC) was established in 2015 to improve the capabilities of healthcare facilities to provide safe and effective care to patients with Ebola and other special pathogens in the United States. Through NETEC, a collaborative network of 10 Regional Emerging Special Pathogen Treatment Centers (RESPTCs) undertook readiness activities that included potential respiratory pathogens. These preparations, which took place before the COVID-19 pandemic, established a foundation of readiness that enabled RESPTCs to play a pivotal role in the US COVID-19 pandemic response. As initial COVID-19 cases were detected in the United States, RESPTCs provided essential isolation capacity, supplies, and subject matter expertise that allowed for additional time for healthcare systems to prepare. Through the Special Pathogen Research Network, RESPTCs rapidly enrolled patients into early clinical trials. During periods of high community transmission, RESPTCs provided educational, clinical, and logistical support to a wide range of healthcare and nonhealthcare settings. In this article, we describe how NETEC and the RESPTC network leveraged this foundation of special pathogen readiness to strengthen the national healthcare system's response to the COVID-19 pandemic. NETEC and the RESPTC network have proven to be an effective model that can support the national response to future emerging special pathogens.

Travel-screening documentation to enable the "Identify-Isolate-Inform" framework for emerging infectious diseases: It's all in the details.

The early phase of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic and ongoing efforts for mitigation underscore the importance of universal travel and symptom screening. We analyzed adherence to documentation of travel and symptom screening through a travel navigator tool with clinical decision support to identify patients at risk for Middle East Respiratory Syndrome.